Russia laid claim to ²ÝÁñÉçÇø beginning in the 1770s, mainly occupying the coastal areas with a primary interest in exploitation of furs. The Unungan, or Aleut, people were the first ²ÝÁñÉçÇø Natives to be impacted by being forced into slavery to hunt fur-bearing marine animals for the Russians.
An estimated 80% of the Aleut population died from introduced diseases against which they had no immunity, a crisis to the Aleut people and culture that is unimaginable. Russians moved onward to Kodiak, then to Southeast ²ÝÁñÉçÇø impacting the Tlingit and Haida, who continued to wage war on the Russians into the 1850s. The diseases carried by the Russians traveled to ²ÝÁñÉçÇø Native people well beyond the areas occupied by the Russians.
In 1867, U.S. Secretary of State William Seward made the deal to purchase Russia’s claim to ²ÝÁñÉçÇø for $7.2 million, proclaimed by the Treaty of Cession. The Treaty classified ²ÝÁñÉçÇø Natives into ‘civilized groups’ which were to be regular citizens of the United States with no special relationship, and the rest were recognized as ‘uncivilized groups’ which were to be subject to federal Indian law.
This confusing classification of ²ÝÁñÉçÇø Natives in the Treaty of Cession fueled debate over the status of ²ÝÁñÉçÇø Native people in the years to come. Without a special political relationship with the federal government, ²ÝÁñÉçÇø Natives would have no aboriginal claim to land and resources, receive no special federal services under the trust responsibility of the federal government, nor have tribal status with the government-to-government relationship needed to operate tribal governments and justice systems.
Additional Resources
- ²ÝÁñÉçÇø Treaty of Cession
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